An increase in selling price without corresponding increase in costs
 A decrease in costs without corresponding reduction in selling price
 Opening stock in trade is valued at a figure lower than should have been
 Purchases are stated at a lower figure than it should have been because of omission of invoices for purchases
 Sales figures are inflated because goods sent on consignments may have been inadvertently included
 Closing stock is valued at a higher figure than it should have been.