Discuss role of Police in society .Measure to change Thana culture in our society-[A/

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[COLOR="rgb(139, 0, 0)"]Discuss role of Police in society .Measure to change Thana culture in our society-[A/11] LL.B Part 3-Crimnology[/COLOR]
Contents
Current Situation 1
Provision of Services 2
Limitations 2
Role Play 2
Police History 3
Role Of Police In Society 4
Community Policing 5
Police Management 5
Selection and Development 5
Field Operations 6
Behaviour and Misconduct 7
Force and Coercion 8
Accountability and Ethics 8
Legal Issues 8
Cultural Diversity 9
How to Improve Thana Culture 9
References 10


Introduction:
It is widely regarded that the police in any given society have a difficult job to fulfil. Dealing with criminals and facing the harm on a day to day basis is indeed an admirable calling. Although seen as difficult, there is an underlying sentiment in the general public that the job of law enforcement officers is relatively straightforward. The role of police in third world and in modern society is often a conflicted one. The public seems alternately torn between crying out because of abuses of police power and calling for increased police protection from the ills of the world. The police, as a social institution, seem to be caught between these two extremes, trying to balance liberty with security. Out of this inherent tension is the place of the police in modern society, many of the positive and negative aspects and roles of the institution begin to emerge.
Current Situation
Today, the relationship between police and the citizens has become so dreadful in our country. A citizen and a policeman both have negative attitudes. The attitude of policemen towards their job is very careless. People mostly prefer to solve their problems themselves, instead of taking help from police. This trend needs to be changed. There is a need that policemen must bring a change in their attitude towards the public. This change will help to improve the all over law and order situation of our country. There must be the cooperation level between both the policemen and citizens equally so that both can perform their duties and also bear their responsibilities for a good society and the country.
Provision of Services
The police provide services to the people. However, some of these services are ones that the public may not want. This may be true in situations of traffic enforcement and arrests. The police also may infringe upon the freedom of the public. One often equates democracy with freedom. However, there are limitations on that freedom and the police are there to remind the members of society of those limitations.
Limitations
The police are also not without their limitations. The police are governed by the rule of law. Laws exist to regulate the behaviour of the police in the performance of their duties. Procedural laws indicate what the police may or may not do in enforcing the substantive laws.
The public police may exist in a number of forms. These forms include tribal police, public safety, consolidation, special-jurisdiction police, contract, as well as taskforce. There are municipal, county, and regional police. It is these organizations that have the most employees when compared to the federal and state organizations.
Role Play
Regardless of their structure the police have a role to play in the society. However, exactly what the role involves may differ depending upon the source of the expectations. The community may have certain expectations of the police. The police department may also have expectations of its officers. These expectations may be formal, coming from rules and regulations. The expectations may also be informal, coming from fellow officers. Lastly, individual officers have their own beliefs as to what policing should be.
There are a number of role debates that have influenced policing throughout the years. Should policing be legalistic and rule-oriented or political and responsive? Should policing be proactive or reactive? Should the police be concerned with law violations only or include more of a police-community involvement? These are issues that concern not only the police but the community as well.
Much of the discussion in chapter one relates to the values, goals, and strategies of policing. The values, goals, and strategies are influenced by the role of the police. A legalistic orientation would include different values and goals than would a political orientation or a police-community involvement.
Police History
The history of policing may be traced back to a time when the family enforced the customs or norms of conduct. A more formal type of policing became evident in Rome in about 6 A.D., when a police force patrolled the city twenty-four hours a day.
The more familiar policing methods began in England with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829. Sir Robert Peel, along with Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, developed an approach that emphasized prevention. Police were distributed throughout the city to create a visible presence to enhance the deterrence approach.
This method of policing was brought to America. By the mid-1800s, police forces were established in many cities, loosely based upon the Peelian principles. Four theories were used to explain the development of police departments in America. The disorder-control theory suggests that police departments developed in response to a need to suppress mob violence. The crime-control theory suggests that police departments developed in response to increases in criminal activity. The class-control theory suggests that the police were developed as a result of class-based economic exploitation. Finally, urban-dispersion theory maintains that police departments resulted, not from a need, but because other cities had them.
These early efforts of policing were plagued by political corruption. Politics were found throughout the police organization. Many individuals became police officers by way of the patronage system. It was not until the Progressive Era of the late 1800s and early 1900s that politics began to fade from policing. A bureaucratic model of policing replaced the political emphasis. Efforts were made to reform policing in the twentieth century by having commissions report on the problems in policing. The Chicago Crime Commission, the Wickersham Commission, and the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice were several important investigative bodies that recommended changes.
The state police did not develop as rapidly as the municipal police. The Pennsylvania State Police was created in 1905 and became the model for other states to follow. State police agencies did not exist in every state until the 1960s.
The federal law enforcement agencies likewise were slow to develop. The Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Marshals were created in the late 1700s. The Postal Inspectors and the Secret Service followed in the mid-1800s. The FBI took on its crime-fighting role in the 1930s. Many other federal agencies were in existence by the 1990s.
Role Of Police In Society
"He who saves a nation breaks no law" (Napoleon)
The idea of police role, function, purpose, or mission in society requires us to think beyond the technical and operational aspects of police work, and consider, if you will, the philosophy of policing, and/or more generally, the place of legitimate authority in society. Policing is one of those few lines of work, like teaching and medicine, which have intimate connections with social life, social progress, and social change. Too narrow a view of the police role is bad, and care must also be taken to avoid too broad a view. To begin with, an ideal set of police functions were identified by Goldstein (1977) a long time ago:
• To prevent and control conduct widely recognized as threatening to life and property
• To aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm, such as the victims of violent attack
• To facilitate the movement of people and vehicles
• To assist those who cannot care for themselves, the intoxicated, the addicted, the mentally ill, the physically disables, the old, and the young
• To resolve conflict, whether it be between individuals, groups or individuals, or individuals and their government
• To identify problems that have the potential for becoming more serious problems
• To create and maintain a feeling of security in communities

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Community Policing
This transition was due, in part, to research about policing and the recommended changes as the result of the research. The research had indicated a gap between the public and the police. The legalistic style of policing tended to broaden that gap while narrowing the scope of police activity. Police-community relations were seen as a way to bridge this distance through the use of communication and mutual understanding.
Crime prevention became the focus of police-community relations; a number of methods were employed. Target hardening, , community crime prevention, and situational crime prevention were methods used to help build a more crime-free society and to build rapport with the citizens.
Police Management
Police management has progressed through three different perspectives. The first was classical police management. This management style emphasized the paramilitary structure of policing. This model also attempted to keep politics out of policing. After criticisms of the classical style, behavioral police management became popular. This style placed a greater emphasis on the wise use of discretion. The third perspective is a contemporary police management, including systems theory, contingency theory, and private sector influences.
Selection and Development
The initial step in the selection process is recruitment. A variety of strategies may be used to attract qualified individuals. In New York, the Police Cadet Corps is used to attract college-educated individuals. This program provides scholarships to police cadets to continue college while also working part-time to gain some experience.
The police agencies may have a number of minimum standards used to measure the candidates. Issues of age, height and weight, physical agility and strength, and education have been topics of legal battles. Case law may help guide police agencies in the formulation of their minimum standards.
Applicants may be subjected to background investigations, which would include previous drug use. Applicants may have to take a polygraph examination, psychological screening, and meet medical requirements. Candidates will be required to take a written examination and an oral interview.
Once the candidates are selected, the next phase will be training, usually conducted at the police academy. The training should include programs that incorporate the department’s mission statement and ethical considerations. The training should also be based upon what the officer does in the course of a day. The actual content of the training will vary from state to state but will probably include subject areas such as the laws of arrest, patrol techniques, domestic violence, investigations, cultural diversity, and ethics.
Upon satisfactory completion of the police academy, the rookie police officer will begin his or her field training. This will include assignment to a field-training officer who will act as the mentor for the rookie officer. The new officer will be on "probation" for a specific period of time. The new officer will be evaluated many times before he or she completes probation and is on their own.
Field Operations
Police field operations consist of patrol and investigations. Patrol has been referred to as the "backbone of policing" because the largest percentage of police personnel is assigned to patrol.
The goals of patrol include (1) crime prevention and deterrence, (2) apprehension of offenders, (3) creation of a sense of security and satisfaction, (4) provision of noncrime-related services, (5) traffic control, and (6) identifying and solving community problems.
The police wanted to create a visible presence that would deter would-be offenders. However, the development of the radio and the telephone changed the police patrol tactics from proactive to reactive. With the development of community policing, the police are expected to be aware of what is going on in their patrol zones. This includes a heightened awareness regarding terrorism and terrorist acts. The police should become target oriented and utilize event analysis.
Behaviour and Misconduct
When examining police behaviours, one may look at the way in which various police organizations are similar. This would be from the universalistic perspective. Universalistic perspectives would include the sociological, psychological, and organizational perspectives.
One may also look at the way in which the police are different in their styles of policing. This is the particularistic perspective. This perspective would include their view of human nature, the different role orientations, the different attitudes toward legal and departmental restrictions, clientele influences, and the relationship between management and peer group support.
Socialization theory supports the idea that police behavior is the result of experiences on the job. It is the job that influences the behavior of the police officer. Predispositional theory suggests that it is the values and attitudes that the officer brings to the job that determine his or her behavior. This theory suggests that a certain type of individual is attracted to policing.
Westley's study (1970) discovered a closeness among police officers and a code of silence that would prohibit officers from talking about police misbehavior. Wilson's study (1968) identified three organizational styles among police: watchman style, service style, and legalistic style. Van Maanen (1973) identified four stages a police officer goes through as he or she is initiated into policing and continues through the years. The pre-entry choice is the time when the individual selects policing as a career choice, for whatever reason. The second stage is the introduction. The recruit attends the police academy. The encounter is stage three and the officer experiences what police work is really like. The final stage, termed metamorphosis, is the time that the officer adjusts to policing. Crank (1998) examined the police culture. According to Crank, the culture is organized around four principles. One is coercive territorial control. The police may use force to control the public. The second principle is the unknown. This principle is concerned with the unpredictable nature of policing. Solidarity is the third principle and examines the cohesiveness of policing. The final principle is loose coupling. The police may become innovators in their dealings with offenders.
Part of police behavior will involve discretion. There are a number of variables that influence the officer's decision to arrest or not to arrest. There are departmental variables. There are neighborhood variables. There are situational variables that would include demeanor and attitude of both the suspect and the complainant. Situational variables also include race, gender, seriousness of the crime, and age. Another set of variables concerns the officer. The age, race, experience, and gender of the officer may influence discretion.
Force and Coercion
The use of force is a necessary part of policing. Police have the authority to utilize whatever force is necessary to maintain order, effect an arrest, and to gain compliance.
Police are trained to use a continuum of force escalating from a mere presence to deadly force. There may be situations where the police must use force and be within the guidelines of the law and the department, but conflict with members of the community.
Accountability and Ethics
How is police behaviour controlled? One way is through mechanisms of oversight. There are oversight mechanisms found inside the police organization. One of those mechanisms includes the management of the organization. This would include written directives. The directives explain the policies, objectives, and regulations of the agency. A second internal mechanism for management would be the internal investigation. If a citizen files a complaint against an officer, there may be in investigation conducted by members of the department.
Early warning system or identification system would be another of the internal mechanisms. This mechanism looks for signs of police behavior that may lead to citizen complaints.
Legal Issues
The police are governed by the rules of criminal procedure and Police Order 2002.These rules outline what the police may and may not do in the processing of an individual through the criminal justice system.
Cultural Diversity
Policing, historically, has been a male-dominated profession. This dominance continues today. Pakistan's society has become more culturally diverse. Policing has become more diverse but not at the same pace as society.
Minorities have not enjoyed easy access into policing. If minority members were admitted into policing, they received unequal treatment. Work assignments, evaluations, and promotions were usually restricted.
problem.
Similarities are found with women in policing. Females are underrepresented in policing.
As the numbers continue to improve, the female officer still must find a place in the police culture. Being a male-dominated profession, there exists a sexist and macho perception of the role of police.
How to Improve Thana Culture

The Thana Culture is one the major problems in the Police departments of Pakistan. I would suggest, that a whole new system is introduced in the Police Stations.
The following suggestions can be made.
• Reforming of the infrastructure of Police Stations. By this I mean, that a more approachable structure should be adopted where normal citizen feel free and comfortable to report their issues to the Police.
• Police Stations should be equipped with modern and latest equipments.
• Police officers should be offered higl levels of income to work efficiently and effectively. A good example would be Motorway Police. The standard of Police force should be brought to the level of Army. Most people in Pakistan, view police officers as poor people because of their incomes. This view have to be changed and the only way is to do by increasing the life standards of the Police officers.
• For ‘Nigraan Commitee’ I would say that, first of camers have to installed in all police departments and even on the vehicles of the Police. There should be a ‘Mystery Visit’ every month in all police departments. A report should be published with video recordings of how police behaved. This report can be presented to CM Punjab about the enviroment of Police stations.
• Give policemen respect at each level.
• Don’t let them stand up on Eid and other holidays just for so called VVIP movement.
• Give them better infrastructure.
4. Give better and free education and health to their families.
• Select IG and DIGs who are really valuable and have characteristics attitude, responsible, capability, honesty and ownership. Believe me to find out such 20 people is far easy and less risky than to find out thousands of members for such committees.
• Give 2 year time to these IG and DIGs with no interruption from any one but court. I know government will not do it because it never suite herself.
• Appoint judges who never fought a case for any liar at any level and have clean history. Give those judges same or even better facilities than policemen. Same should be the case to lawyers fighting for cases from police.
• A chief justice and IG should kept an open eye on these DIGs and junior judges and lawyers.
• This team of judges and head of police can bring policies and implement to grass root level.
Story does not close here, now we have to do most difficult thing and that is to look at ourselves. I think we have to seriously work on following points which we are lacking as a nation in each sphere of life and department.